Week+Fourteen

This week your assignment is to read chapter 11 and chapter 12. This is also the week that we begin with presentations, so I have created a page for you to post your presentations on, http://schmidtphysicalgeography.wikispaces.com/Online+Fall+2015+Presentations This page is also linked in the presentation instructions folder. Instructions for posting presentations are on the page, but if you have any difficulty, please let me know.

Chapter 11 is Terrestrial Flora and Fauna and Chapter 12 is Soils. You will find supplemental material for chapter 11 here: http://schmidtphysicalgeography.wikispaces.com/Ch+11 and the supplemental material for chapter 12 here: http://schmidtphysicalgeography.wikispaces.com/Ch+12

Chapter 11 does not have a Prezi. Something happened when I was creating it and I lost the whole thing! I have not had the heart (or the time) to go back and make it again. So this chapter has two PowerPoints that you may review. The first one is from the newest version of the book and does not have as much information in it. The second one is older and has too much information in it to make it nice for presenting in class, but I think it's a nice study tool because it has great maps of all of the forests. I created worksheets for both of these chapters, you may find them helpful to organize the information in the chapters, but they are not required. Below the worksheet, you will find a few videos and articles. You may find the article on the Ironwood Trees interesting, I think they are really fascinating - one of the native species of our desert that become ecosystems of their own. I have some videos on the steppe and the tundra because students like to see what those places look like. There is also a video on the Seven Land Biomes that you may find helpful. I have a slideshow of Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Gardens (in Claremont) that I like to show in class because it has all native California plants. You will find also a picture of a man sitting on a VERY large stump, surrounded by many very tiny trees. This is to show you how big the trees used to be - that stump was an "old growth" tree. We have very few old growth forests left - only 4% of the USA's forests are left intact. All of the tiny trees behind the big stump are what we call new growth, and it's not nearly as biodiverse as old growth. You can read the little article and learn more. You would think we would protect all of the old giants we have left, but we do not and loggers would still like to take them down. You will also find a picture of a sloth - the sloth has so many things living in its fur that it is an ecosystem all of its own! After that, you will see a video with an orangutan, this is about deforestation in the rain forest, which much of happens for palm oil. You should consume wisely and not buy products with palm oil in them as it leads to the loss of our forests. There is also a video on invasive species which you may find helpful, and then the last thing on the chapter 11 page is 16 of the most magnificent trees in the world - something to make you feel better after reading about destruction of the rain forest and invasive species.

On the chapter 12 page, you will find another worksheet, which is not required, but you may find helpful. After the worksheet, there is a video call "Soil, Who Needs It?" it's about 15 minutes long, but will probably be very helpful for you. I show it in the classroom each time I lecture on soil. I do not go that in depth on soil, I just cover the basics of it in the classroom and the quiz is based on the basics of the chapter, so when the chapter starts to get into all the chemistry, skip it. I also do not have a Prezi for this chapter, just the two PowerPoints. The first one is new, has less information, second one older, has too much, but that is the one I use in the classroom because it has all of the things in it that I put on the quiz. You will also notice on the page several pictures of hydrangeas which range in color from deep, dark pink, to white, to deep, dark, blue - I put these up as an example of how soil can be acidic, alkaline, or neutral. Hydrangeas change because of the soil PH. Pretty neat huh? There are other plants that do that too, but you can buy hydrangeas at the grocery store so I know most people have seen them. My grandmother loved the blue ones and would plant them in her yard, but here in Southern California, we have mostly alkaline soil, so they would always change to pink.

Chapter 11 Vocabulary

1 Adret slope: A slope which faces the sun and the sun's rays shine on it at a high angel. Adret slopes are usually warm and dry.

Karen Villalpando

2 Angiosperms - Lucinda Crespin

The angiosperms are vascular seed plants in which the ovule (egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The ovary is usually enclosed in the flower, that part of the angiospermous plant that contains the male or female reproductive organs or both.



Resource: http://www.britannica.com/plant/pics%20of%20angiosperm

Photo Courtesy of: Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings...

3 Annuals

An annual plant is a plant that completes its life cycle, from germination to the production of seed, within one year, and then dies. Summer annuals germinate during spring or early summer and mature by autumn of the same year.



~Monique D.Foreman 4 Biome Biome is a large community of plants and animals that occupy a distinct region. Terrerestrial biomes, typically defined by their climate and dominant vegetation, include grassland, tundra, desert, tropical rainforest, and deciduous and coniferous forests. -Leticia Villasenor

5 Broadleaf- Most broad-leaved trees are deciduous, such as birch, elm, oak, and maple, but some such as arbutus and live oak are evergreen; the latter type are most common in subtropical or tropical climates. -**Christina Camarena**

6 Bryophytes - **is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that do not have true vascular tissue and are therefore called "non-vascular plants." (By Lindsey Skaggs)**


7 Deciduous- A deciduous tree or shrub is one that experiences an annual period in which all leaves die and usually fall from the tree, due to either a cold season or a dry season. - __**Angel Ojeda**__

8 Ecosystem -Jessica Quintanilla

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system.



9 Endemic In epidemiology, an infection is said to be ** endemic ** (from Greek ἐν // en // "in, within" and δῆμος // demos // "people") in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs.

-George Sigar

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)

10 Evergreen

Barbara Ciaravino

An evergreen is a tree or plant that doesn’t shed its leaves in the winter, but stays green all year. Even in the middle of winter, when so many trees in cold climates have bare branches, evergreens brighten up the landscape with vibrant green needles or leaves. Fir trees, holly buses, and eucalyptus shrubs are all examples of evergreens.

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These are pictures outside my front door taken today of the evergreen pine trees.

11 Exotic species- Reina Garcia Is any species intentionally or accidently transported and released by man into an environment outside it's present range. 12 Gymnosperms-

a plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit. Gymnosperms include the conifers, cycads, and ginkgo.

-Sara Sanchez

13 Hygrophytic requiring an abundance of moisture.



=-Angel Abarca=

14 Invertebrates - Lisa Morales Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column. Familiar examples of invertebrates include insects, crabs[|,] lobsters, snails, octopuses, starfish, and worms. 15 Needle leaf Gilda Rodrigues Trees adorned with thin slivers of tough, leathery, waxy, needles rather than typical leaves.

16 Perennials: Lidia quintanilla - A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials.

17 Pteridophytes- vascular plants that reproduce and disperse using spores. Since they produce, they not classified as flowers or seeds, they are referred to as cryptogam.



-SAHLAH STORKS

18 Riparian vegetation- is the plants that grow (stream growth) near streams and river banks (riparian areas).

-Vanessa Loera

19 Treeline


 * // The tree line is the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing. Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions //**




 * // - Faraz Abbasi //**

20 Ubac slope - Arianna Fulton oxforddictionaries.com sates that an Ubac slope is A mountain slope which receives little sunshine, especially one facing north. 21 Vertical zonation: Sandra Calderon


 * Vertical zonation ** is the main distribution pattern of littoral assemblages on rocky shores at a regional scale.



22 Xerophytic

A **xerophyte ** (from Greek xero dry, phuton **plant **) is a species of **plant ** that has adapted to survive in an environment with little liquid water, such as a desert or an ice- or snow-covered region in the Alps or the Arctic.

~Angie Johnson~

Chapter 12 Vocabulary

1 Bedrock -a consolidated rock underlying the surface of a terrestrial planet, usually the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered unconsolidated Rock.



=-Angel Abarca=

2 Calcification: Sandra Calderon

3 Clay: Sandra Calderon
 * Clay ** is a fine-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more [|clay minerals] with traces of metal oxides and organic matter. Clays are [|plastic] due to their water content and become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or [|firing] . [|[1]] Geologic clay [|deposits] are mostly composed of [|phyllosilicate minerals] containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure. Depending on the content of the soil, clay can appear in various colours, from white to dull gray or brown to a deep orange-red.



4 Colloids-Soil particles smaller than about 0.1 micrometer in diameter. -Vanessa Loera 5 Earthworms

Barbara Ciaravino

Earthworms are more than just fish bait. They are the main contributors to enriching and improving soil for plants, animals and even humans. Earthworms create tunnels in the soil by burrowing, which aerates the soil to allow air, water and nutrients to reach deep within the soil. Earthworms eat the soil which has organic matter such as decaying vegetation of leaves. Plants cannot use this organic matter directly. After organic matter is digested, the earthworm releases waste from their bodies called castings. Castings contain many nutrients that the plant can use. Some people even use earthworm castings as garden fertilizer.

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6 Eluviation - a**re those geological deposits and soils that are derived by in situ weathering or weathering plus gravitational movement or accumulation. (By Lindsey Skaggs)**


7 Field capacity- Monica Gonzalez


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Field Capacity **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> is the amount of soil moisture or water content held in the soil after excess water has drained away and the rate of downward movement has decreased. This usually takes place 2–3 days after rain or irrigation in pervious soils of uniform structure and texture.



8 Humus- Reina Garcia The organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms.

9 Illuviation

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The process of deposition of soil materials (removed from the eluvial horizon) in the lower layer (or horizon of gains having the property of stabilizing translocated clay materials) is termed as Illuviation. The horizons formed by this process are termed as illuvial horizons (B-horizons, especially Bt) The process leads to textural contrast between E and Bt horizons, and higher fine: total clay ratio in the Bt horizon.



=**~Angie Johnson~**=

10 Leaching- Process in which dissolved nutrients are transported down in solution and deposited deeper in a soil. Leaching tends to deplete the topsoil of soluble nutrients. __**- Angel Ojeda**__

11 Litter- This is the term given for the accumulated dead plants that are at the surface of the soil. -Andrea Anguiano 12 Microorganisms - Lisa Morales A microorganism is a microscopic living organism, which may be single celled or multicellular. 13 Parent material Gilda Rodrigues The source of the weather fragments of rocks from which soil is made: solid bedrock or loose sediments that have been transported from else where by the action of water, wind, or ice. 14 Peds

A Ped is a small clump of soil that has formed a rock-like clump. It's a dirt clod and they are called peds by geologists: Karen Villalpando

15 Regolith Regolith is a layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial material covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related materials and is present on Earth, the Moon, Mars, some asteroids, and other terrestrial planets and moons. Leticia Villasenor



16 Salinization: Lidia quintanilla - <span class="_Tgc" style="font-size: 16px;">**Salinization** is the process by which water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil. **Salinization** is a resource concern because excess salts hinder the growth of crops by limiting their ability to take up water. **Salinization** may occur naturally or because of conditions resulting from management practices.

17 Soil-

the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles.

-Sara Sanchez

18 Soil order

The levels of soil classification in the soil taxonomy, there are twelve soil orders

Gelisols - soils with permafrost within 2 m of the surface

Histosols - organic soils

Spodosols - acid forest soils with a subsurface accumulation of metal-humus complexes

Andisols - soils formed in volcanic ash

Oxisols - intensely weathered soils of tropical and subtropical environments

Vertisols - clayey soils with high shrink/swell capacity

Aridisols - CaCO3-containing soils of arid environments with subsurface horizon development

Ultisols - strongly leached soils with a subsurface zone of clay accumulation and <35% base saturation

Mollisols - grassland soils with high base status

Alfisols - moderately leached soils with a subsurface zone of clay accumulation and >35% base saturation

Inceptisols - soils with weakly developed subsurface horizons

Entisols - soils with little or no morphological development Karen Villalpando

19 Soil taxonomy- Created by the USDA, soil taxonomy is the classification of soil types by properties in levels of order,suborder,group, subgroup, family and series.

-SAHLAH STORKS

<span style="background-color: #f1f1f1; color: #888888; font-family: arial,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anther

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