Week+Five+Assignments

= Chapter Four Vocabulary =

1 absorption

In physics, **absorption** of electromagnetic radiation is the way in which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter, typically the electrons of an atom. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is transformed into internal energy of the absorber, for example thermal energy.



In chemistry, absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules or ions enter some bulk phase – gas, liquid or solid material.

~Monique D. Foreman

2 adiabatic cooling: Cooling by expansion. Any time air rises it is experiencing adiabatic cooling. The molecules spread through a larger amount of space. -Andrea Anguiano 3 adiabatic warming: Air sinks meanwhile it is compressing the molecules which is increasing kinetic energy and as a result causes a warming of the temperature



-Vanessa Loera

4 **__Advection:__** is the tranfer of heat or matter by the flow of a fluid, especially horizontally, in the atmosphere or the sea.





-Sahlah Storks.

5 albedo: The measurement of the amount or light that hits a surface and is reflected off with out being absorbed. Light surfaces will reflect more light then a dark surface, meaning it has a high albedo, while dark surfaces have a low albedo. Albedo being another name for reflectivity. The amount of light that is absorbed or reflected affects the temperature of that surface, light surfaces will be cooler to the touch then a dark surface would be when exposed to the sunlight for a period of time. How does this affect our planet Earth?

Here is a chart that shows the albedo of different sections of the earth's surfaces. -Karen Villalpando-

6 angle of incidence- Andrea Ponciano This is the angle t which rays from the Sun strike Earth's surface. This angle is measured from a line drawn tangent to the surface. This means that a ray striking Earth vertically, when the Sun is directly overhead, has an angle of 90 degrees. If the sun is hitting Earth's surface at a slant, then the angle will be slightly less than 90 degrees.



7 average annual temperature range 8 average lapse rate 9 condensation- Reina Garcia Is the change of water from it's gaseous form(water vapor) into liquid water. Condensation generally occurs in the atmosphere when warm air rises, cools and looses it's capacity to hold water vapor. As a result, excess water vapor condenses to form cloud droplets.



10 conduction - Cesar Melendez The process in which molecules are moving at a much faster rate due to heat energy. The best example I found online would be a pot or pan being heated. The heat energy creates a high intensity vibration amongst the molecules creating them to move quicker.



11 convection- Monica Gonzalez

====the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat.==== ====**Example**:  Everyday examples of Convection. Boiling water - The heat passes from the burner into the pot, heating the water at the bottom. Then, this hot water rises and cooler water moves down to replace it, causing a circular motion. ====

12 convection cell 13 electromagnetic radiation - Lucinda Crespin



Electromagnetic waves are used for radar detection and different lengths of wave are used depending on what is being done. Satelites use wavelengths that vary in length. Nasa states the following, "Microwaves have wavelengths that can be measured in centimeters! "

Electromagnetic radiation waves are dangerous for people and for the environment. Electromagnetic Radiation or EMFs, are produced by all electronics, cell phones, wifi, tablets, watches, etc., and due to the increasing exposure to them are causing people serious problems. EMF's has also been linked to ADHD and Autism in children. They are also affecting our environment, entire bee populations have been found confused, or dying off because they use the same frequency as electromagnetic radiation waves to communicate with each other.. Bees are used to pollinate fruits and vegetables and earth without its natural pollination source will have a reduced food source in the near future.



According to CNN these phones have the highest emitting electromagnetic radiation waves. The cell phone is not bad its the wavelength it emits that is dangerous. 1. Motorola Bravo (AT&T): 1.59 W/kg 2. Motorola Droid 2 (Verizon Wireless): 1.58 W/kg 3. Palm Pixi (Sprint): 1.56 W/kg 4. Motorola Boost (Boost Mobile): 1.55 W/kg 5. Blackberry Bold (AT&T, T-Mobile): 1.55 W/kg 6. Motorola i335 (Sprint): 1.55 W/kg 7. HTC Magic (T-Mobile): 1.55 W/kg 8. Motorola W385 (Boost Mobile, U.S. Cellular, Verizon Wireless): 1.54 W/kg 9. Motorola Boost i290 (Boost Mobile): 1.54 W/kg 10. (tie) Motorola DEFY (T-Mobile); Motorola Quantico (U.S. Cellular, MetroPCS); Motorola Charm (T-Mobile): 1.53 W/kg."
 * "Highest radiation levels:**



In the age of communication we live in today we use many devices that emit electromagnetic radiation. Studies have only been conducted within the past decade to determine how dangerous to humanity and the earth the use of the electromagnetic radiation waves are. The full extent of the harm caused is still unknown today.

Source(s) http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa/cover.jpg http://www.earthcalm.com/lp-children-and-emfs http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/micro.html

14 electromagnetic spectrum- Jessica Quintanilla

The entire range of electromagnetic radiation, which includes in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelenght, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays.

15 energy //**What is**// Energy //**?!?**// //**According to google, Energy is "**// the strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity ."

But in my opinion, that definition is a little too confusing for an average Joe to understand. So I found a great video for you guys to watch that explains what energy is.

[|What is Energy?]



- Faraz Abbasi

16 environmental lapse rate 17 evaporation- Liquid water converts to gaseous water vapor when heated. The molecules move and vibrate so quickly that they escape into the atmosphere as molecules of water vapor.

by Angel Ojeda

18 global warming : Sandra Calderon


 * Global warming ** is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth's climate.



19 greenhouse effect

-The process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be in the absence of its atmosphere. If a planet's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases, the atmosphere radiates energy in all directions. Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface, warming it.

-**Angel Abarca**
20 greenhouse gases This process is the fundamental cause of the **greenhouse ** effect. The primary **greenhouse gases ** in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Leticia Villasenor



21 heat 22 infrared radiation

is invisible radiant energy, electromagnetic **radiation** with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (frequency 430 THz) to 1 mm (300 GHz) (although people can see **infrared** up to at least 1050 nm in experiments).

-sara sanchez

23 insolationGilda Rodrigues Incoming solar radiation. Some of the insolation is reflected off the atmosphere back into space, where is lost. About 50% of sun Insolation is absorbed by Earth's surface. 24 isotherm 25 kinetic energy The kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes. 26 latent heat - Lisa Morales 27 longwave radiation
 * - Marvin Hoggatt**
 * Latent heat ** is energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process. An example is a state of matter change, meaning a phase transition, such as ice melting or water boiling.

Longwave radiation (infrared light) contains less energy than shortwave radiation (shortwave radiation has a shorter wavelength than longwave radation). Solar energy enters our atmosphere as shortwave radiation in the form of ultraviolet (UV) rays (the ones that give us sunburn) and visible light. The sun emits shortwave radiation because it is extremely hot and has a lot of energy. Once in the Earth’s atmosphere, the clouds and the surface absorb the solar energy. The ground heats up and re-emits energy as longwave radiation in the form of infrared rays. Earth emits longwave radiation because the Earth is cooler than the sun and has less energy available. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">**// (http://climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.LWSW) //** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">
 * //(http://astronomyonline.org/SolarSystem/Images/Earth_Moon/Radiation.jpg)//**

** ~Angie Johnson~ ** 28 ocean current - ** is a continuous, directed movement of [|seawater] generated by forces acting upon this [|mean flow], such as [|breaking waves] , [|wind] , the [|Coriolis effect] , [|cabbeling] , and [|temperature] and [|salinity] differences, while [|tides] are caused by the gravitational pull of the [|Sun] and [|Moon]. [|Depth contours], [|shoreline] configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. (By Lindsey Skaggs) **

29 radiant energy 30 radiation (emission) Lidia Quintanilla <span class="_Tgc" style="font-size: 16px;">In physics, **radiation** is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes: electro-magnetic **radiation** (also known as "continuum **radiation**") γ such as radio waves, visible light, and x-rays. 31 **reflection-** the act of reflecting as in casting back a light or heat, mirroring, or giving back or showing an image; the state of being reflected in this way. -** CHRISTINA CAMARENA ** 32 scattering 33 shortwave radiation 34 specific heat 35 subtropical gyres: Gyre in Science by **//Barbara Ciaravino//** (http://dictionary.reference.com) A spiral oceanic surface current driven primarily by the global wind system and constrained surrounding the three ocean basins (Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian). Each ocean basin has a large gyre in the subtropical region, centered around 30° north and south latitude. Smaller gyres occur at 50° north latitude in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The direction of a gyre’s rotation is determined by the prevailing winds in the region, with the large **__//subtropical gyres//__** rotating clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.



36 temperature -arianna fulton

dictionary.reference.com says that tempertaure is the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object, especially as expressed according to a comparative scale and shown by a thermometer or perceived by touch.

37 temperature inversion 38 terrestrial radiation


 * 39 thermal energy- <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,georgia,serif; font-size: 15px;">Thermal energy is the energy that comes from heat. This heat is generated by the movement of tiny particles within an object (atoms). The faster these particles move, the more heat is generated. Stoves and matches are examples of objects that conduct thermal energy. -Paul Garcia[[image:http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/matter-and-energy/images/tempkin.jpg]]

40 thermal infrared radiation 41 thermometer

A ** thermometer ** is a device that measures [|temperature] or a [|temperature gradient]. A thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a [|mercury-in-glass thermometer] ) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, and (2) some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer).

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer


 * George Sigar**

42 transmission 43 ultraviolet (UV) radiation 44 upwelling 45 visible light

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