Week+Three+Assignments

This week your assignment is to read chapter two Portraying Earth and review the supplemental material located here: Chapter Two Portraying Earth, and you will also need to review and label the North America map, located here: North America Map Study. You will have a quiz on chapter two and you will have a quiz on North America on Blackboard.

Your posting assignment for this week is to post of of the vocabulary terms from chapter two, or one of the types of geographic tools - isolines or remote sensing - as there is not enough vocabulary words for all of you. If you pick one of the tools, please post a picture and describe how the tool is used.

You will need to reflect on chapter two on the padlet below the terms, in the same way you did chapter one, something you learned, were interested in, or something you thought was difficult.

I would like to give you an opportunity to do something more fun for North America. I would also like you to post to padlet (at the bottom of the page) about North America. Please tell us about a place in North America that you would like to visit, have visited, or that you just think is interesting. It's a big continent, and you are not limited to the terms of the North America map study. Please be creative and imaginative, and please post a picture or a map of the place you write about.

= Chapter Two Vocabulary =

1 aerial photograph- A photograph taken from an elevated position of the ground. These photographs can be taken from airplanes, helicopters, unmanned aircrafts, balloons, blimps, rockets, pigeons, kites, parachutes, etc. by Angel Ojeda

2 conformality (conformal projection) Is a map projection that preserves the property of shape such as positions of coastlines on the Earth. This map is most pleasing when transferring the a round Earth to a flat service, however, with conformality the size of features can be distorted. For example bellows image is a conformal map which displays proper locations of land and coastlines, however it appears Greenland is much larger than the United States which is a error of size accuracy.



Vanessa Loera

3 conic projection: A map projection that produces a roughly semicircular shape. When the central point is either of Earth's poles, parallels look like arcs and meridians like straight lines coming from the center. -Andrea Anguiano 4 cylindrical projection~Angie Johnson

=
A map projection  in which the surface features  of a globe are depicted  as if projected onto  a cylinder, typically positioned with the globe centered horizontally inside the cylinder. Distortion  of shape and scale  in a cylindrical projection  of the Earth is minimal in equatorial regions and maximal at the poles. The projection is obtained by mathematically wrapping the globe with a cylinder paper and the paper touches the globe at the globes equator. There is no size distortion at the circle of tangency, but size distortion at the circle of tangency, but size distortion increases progressively with distance from the circle. =====

====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11.05px; line-height: 1.5;">American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. ====

'Physical Geography" A Land Appreciation, Tenth Edition, Darrel Hess.
) 5 elevation contour line

6 **E****qual Area Projection:** A projection that maintains constant area(size) relationships over the entire map; also referred to as Equivalant Map Projection.



-Sahlah Storks

7 equivalence (equivalent projection) 8 fractional scale Fractional scales are written as fractions (1/24000) or as ratios (1:24000). Unlike verbal scales, fractional scales do not have units. Instead it is up to the reader to provide his/her own units. Basically the fractional scale needs to be turned into a verbal scale to make it useful. A fractional scale is the ratio of map distance to the equivalent distance on the ground using the same units for both. It is very important to remember when we start changing fractional scale to verbal scale that both the map and the ground units start out the same. The smaller number of the fractional scale is the distance on the map, the larger number in the scale is the distance on the ground. Example scale: (1:24000), (1 inch on the map = 24000 inches on the ground). Meaning that the objects on the map have been reduced to 1/24,000th of their original size. Leticia Villasenor



9 geographic information systems (GIS)

<span class="_Tgc">A **geographic information system** (GIS) is a **system** designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or **geographical** data.

<span class="_Tgc">-sara sanchez

10 global positioning system (GPS) -**Lisa Morales** The ** Global Positioning System ** ( ** GPS ** ) is a space-bas ed navigation sys tem that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, and makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">

11 graphic scale

a graphic scale uses a line marked off in graduated distances. One measures the distance between the points on a map and compares that length with a measurement along the graphic scale.



 * -Angel Abarca **

12 isoline:

===<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> **Isolines are lines drawn to link different places that share a common value. The prefix '//iso//' is a greek word meaning equal, so an isoline must be a line joining equal points. For example, a line drawn on a map to join up all the places that are the same height above sea level is called a contour. Contour lines are isolines joining places that have the same height value. Another common isoline is the isobar, a line that joins places with the same atmospheric pressure. These are often shown on weather maps in newspapers and TV weather forecasts.** ===

===<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">**Geographers often use isolines to help them map the distribution of things. When isolines are combined with colouring or shading they make it possible to easily see data that would be hard, or impossible, to understand as a table or chart of numbers. -Monica Gonzalez** ===

13 large-scale map-

A large scale map is an extensive overview it only shows a small portion on the map but it is very detailed. -Christina Camarena

14 map // A map is a visual or symbolic representation of an area! A map is something we look at when we take road trips or just want to see what else is out there. Unfortunately, we do not use physical maps that much anymore thanks to technological advancement (GPS). // // If you REALLY need more information on maps, here is an awesome video that teaches you a lot about maps. // //[|What is a map?]//

//- ** Faraz Abbasi **//

15 map projection

<span class="_Tgc">**Map projections** are attempts to portray the surface of the earth or a portion of the earth on a flat surface. Some distortions of conformality, distance, direction, scale, and area always result from this process.

~Monique D. Foreman

16 map scale A **Map Scale** refers to the relationship (or ratio) between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground. On a side note, Generally you can find a map scale on just about every map. - **Marvin Hoggatt**

17 Mercator projection Barbara Ciaravino

A cylindrical map projection in which the meridians and parallels appear as lines crossing at right angles; and in which

areas appear greater farther from the equator. Straight line segments represent true bearings, thus making this

projection useful for navigation.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Mercator+projection

18 multispectral scanning system(MSS)

Jessica Quintanilla

A remote sensing instrument that collects multiple digital images of the earth simultaneously in different bands.



19 orthophoto map

Karen Villalpando

Orthophoto Maps are made using photographic images, either aerial or digital. They are multi-colored and cleaned up so as to be free of distortions; giving a birds-eye visual of the area. They show the landscape and topographic details yet still keeping the map characteristics, such as having a scale for measuring distance.



20 photogrammetry - Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially for recovering the exact positions of surface points. In addition, photogrammetry may also be used to recover the motion pathways of designated reference points located on any moving object, on its components and in the immediately adjacent environment. - **Lindsey Skaggs**

21 plane projection: lidia quintanilla <span class="_Tgc" style="font-size: 16px;">A **projection plane**, or **plane** of **projection**, is a type of view in which graphical **projections** from an object intersect. **Projection planes** are used often in descriptive geometry and graphical representation. A picture **plane** in perspective drawing is a type of **projection plane**. 22 pseudocylindrical projection (elliptical projection)- Andrea Ponciano This is a roughly football-shaped map, usually of the entire world. In most elliptical projections, a central parallel line and a cetral meridian line cross at right angles in the middle of the map, which is the point of no distortion. When you move away from this point, the distortion of size and shape increases the further away from this point it is.



23 radar-Arianna Fulton

a system for detecting things of direction and distance and other objects.it is commonly used in ships and airplanes to detect tings that have not been seen in sight and also checking complete surrounding of an area.

24 remote sensing Remote sensing is a practice of gathering information from a distance. The article I read in regards to this topic stated that remote sensing has been used for many years, tracing as back as the United States Civil War. People would tie up cameras to birds in order to retrieve an air view of the enemy. In today’s world we use remote sensing to gather all types of information. We use satellites to gather information of landscapes and environments that are not easily accessible. We also use it to evaluate other planets and its environments. One of the most interesting that most people can relate to is that the weather is predicted using remote sensing.

Sources: []

Cesar Melendez



25 representative fraction- Sandra Calderon <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.5;">The numerical scale of a map indicates the relationship of distance measured on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground. This scale is usually written as a fraction and is called the representative fraction. The RF is always written with the map distance as 1 and is independent of any unit of measure. (It could be yards, meters, inches, and so forth. ) An RF of 1/50,000 or 1:50,000 means that one unit of measure on the map is equal to 50,000 units of the same measure on the ground.

26 small-scale map (Paul Garcia)
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: large;">Small-scale map **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: large;"> – map that shows a small amount of detail of a large area, such as a map with a scale of 1:250,000 (i.e., 1:250,000 or larger > 1:50,000,000). Example would be the with of your thumb placed on a map might cover hundreds of miles.media type="youtube" key="Lg08g9w3by0" width="420" height="315"

27 sonar - Lucinda Crespin

Sonar is a method for detecting things under water by using sound waves which detect off the object. Sonar uses the echo principle, when the waves hit the object they echo back to the sender. Sonar is also used to measure the waters depth, when the sound waves go out they measure the time it take to be reflected and returned to determine depth of the ocean floor. Sonar is also the name of the device used for the purpose of detecting things under water like submarines, ship wrecks, or black boxes from plane crashes. Marine animals like whales and dolphins use sonar, bats also use sonar.



28 verbal scale

= Types of Isolines =

Elevation contour line A line on a map joining points of equal elevation. USGS topographic maps use elevation contour lines to portray the shape, slope, elevation, and relief of an landscape. (A-3) By Gilda Rodrigues

Isotherm Isobar Isohyet Isogonic line

= Types of Remote Sensing =

Color IR (Infrared) Thermal Infrared Sensing (Thermal IR)

Microwave Sensing NASA's EOS - Earth Observing System Radar


 * Radar ** is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar transmits radio waves or [|microwaves] that reflect from any object in their path.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar


 * George Sigar**

Sonar Sonar is a technique that uses sound and propagation to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. //-//

- Reina Garcia GEOS - The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system (GOES), is operated by the United States' National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), and it supports weather forecasting, severe storm tracking, and meteorology research. Here is an example of images from GEOS, and a record breaking one at that... <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Record breaking storms <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">This satellite image captures 3 intense hurricanes currently churning in the Pacific Ocean. All 3 of these storms are currently category 4 storms, classifying them as major hurricanes (category 3 and above). <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">This is the first time in recorded history where there is 3 category 4 hurricanes simultaneously active in the Central and Eastern Pacific. In fact, there’s never been a time with 3 major (category 3 and above) hurricanes present in these basins, l<span class="text_exposed_show">et alone category 4. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #141823; display: block; font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">These storms are feeding off of the warm waters present in the Pacific Ocean due to El Nino, in addition to the warm waters in the Northern Pacific that are also feeding the storm in the north captured by this image. (Professor Schmidt)

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