Week+Four+Assignments

Chapter Three Vocabulary

1 carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas vital to life on Earth. This naturally occurring chemical compound is composed of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. -sara sanchez

===Carbon Dioxide is the main air we exhale. High levels of this gas is what has led to global warming. It accumulates in the atmosphere and traps the Earth's heat. Thus, global warming is created. -Andrea Anguiano=== 2 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - Lucinda Crespin



Photos courtesy of Wordpress, www.theozonehole.com, and shutterstock.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have another name that we are more familiar with, "Freon." CFCs are used in refrigerators, air conditioners and as propellants for aerosol. CFCs are bad for our environment because they are made of methane(s) and when the Chlorofluorocarbons are released they rise into the upper atmosphere where their chemical properties change when the sun breaks them down. When the CFCs are in the upper atmosphere and broken down by the sun they makes atomic chlorine. Atomic chlorine lives longer in the upper atmosphere and affects the ozone layer causing it to absorb more UVB radiation which causes more UVB radiation to reach the earth. This increase in the ultra violet rays of the sun causes higher risks of skin cancer, it affects human, plants and animals.

The threat of radiation poisoning and further depletion of the Ozone layer spurred 189 countries to ratify a proposal to diminish and eventually stop the use and production of CFC products in an effort to stop the depletion of the Ozone layer. CFCs in aerosol were banned in 189 countries in 1987 by an international treaty, the Montreal Protocol.

-Christina Camarena
 * 3 climate- ** A regions climate is broken down b the climate system which is composed of five components: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It is a pattern of weather in a particular area and is long term. It is measured by the five components listed above. Climate is different from weather because weather is short-term, whereas climate is long-term.

4 controls of weather and climate -By Gilda Rodrigues Are the most important influences acting upon the elements of weather and climate. The principal controls are; Latitude Distribution of land and water General Circulation of the Atmosphere General circulation of the Oceans Altitude Topographic barriers Storms 5 Coriolis effect The **Coriolis effect**, is the result of Earth's rotation on weather patterns and ocean currents. The Coriolis effect makes storms swirl clockwise in the Southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. 6 elements of weather and climate- Paul Garcia Weather conditions fluctuate very frequently even within a day.

On the basis of the generalised monthly atmospheric conditions, the year is divided into seasons like winter, summer or rainy seasons.

The world has numerous climatic regions.

THE MAIN WEATHER ELEMENTS ARE


1.TEMPERATURE


2. PRESSURE


3. WIND


4.PRECIPITATION


5.CLOUD


<span style="font-family: 'Droid Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 1.1538rem; vertical-align: baseline;">6. HUMIDITY
7 exosphere

The exosphere is the uppermost region of Earth's atmosphere. In this region of the Earth's atmosphere, air is extremely thin!

__** Interesting Fact **__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Ubuntu,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">: Not all scientists agree that the exosphere is really a part of the atmosphere. Some scientists consider the thermosphere the uppermost part of Earth's atmosphere, and think that the exosphere is really just part of space. However, other scientists do consider the exosphere part of our planet's atmosphere.



// After looking at this picture, I have to say I agree with the scientists who do not agree with the exosphere being part of Earth's atmosphere. //

//** - Faraz Abbasi **//

8 heterosphere- Monica Gonzalez

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16.36px;">The **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16.36px;">heterosphere **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16.36px;"> is the upper portion of the Earth's atmosphere, in which gases are fractionated according to their molecular weight. It lies above the homosphere, where chemical constituents are well mixed

9 Homosphere -Lisa Morales <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Asap,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Earth’s atmosphere is segmented into two major zones. The <span class="md-index-gist-highlight" style="color: #444444; font-family: Asap,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;">homosphere <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Asap,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> is the lower of the two and the location in which turbulent mixing dominates the molecular diffusion of gases. In this region, which occurs below about 60 miles or so, the composition of the atmosphere tends to be independent of height.

10 Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that recognizes that global warming is definitely an issue in today’s society. There is 192 participants globally focusing on the treaty itself. The treaty is to eliminate and reduce the carbon footprint of the participating nations.

Cesar Melendez

= 11. Mesopause: the boundary in the earth's atmopshere between the mesosphere and the thermosphere, where the temperature stops. =



-Sahlah Storks

12 Montreal Protocol A 1987 major international treaty with a goal to ban "Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer". This was a timeline created to begin the end of harmful substances usage such as CFC'S. As a result, in 1996 countries of the Industrial World phased CFC'S out,meanwhile in 2010 developing countries were to follow suit. Although, the protocol is good it does not immediately repair the ozone layer considering CFC'S stay in the atmosphere for 50 to 100 years. Studies give hope that by the year 2050 the ozone will show signs of renewal. -Vanessa Loera

13 mesosphere:

The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere.
 * -Angel Abarca**

14 ozone : is a form of oxygen, has three atoms per molecule rather than the usual two (O3), it is produced when an electric spark or ultraviolet light passes through air or oxygen. The ozone in the upper atmosphere (the ozone layer) absorbs ultraviolet rays, preventing them from reaching the earth's surface and protecting us from the more severe forms of the sun's radiation. When ozone is in the lower atmosphere it is a harmful irritant and pollutant, contributing to respiratory diseases like asthma.

- Karen Villalpando

15 ozone layer- <span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">is a layer in the stratosphere that contains a relatively rich concentration of ozone. The ozone layer is located between 9 to 30 miles high, and it absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

By Angel Ojeda

16 ozonosphere

The ozonosphere is another term for ozone layer. It is a layer in the earth's atmosphere, which absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth from the sun.
Arianna Fulton http://peacepropagation.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/quran_astronomy_9.jpg

17 particulates (aerosols)

Atmospheric particulate matter – also known as particulate matter ( PM ) or particulates – is microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the Earth's atmosphere. The term [|aerosol] commonly refers to the particulate/air mixture, as opposed to the particulate matter alone.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates


 * George Sigar **

18 photochemical smog: Sandra Calderon

Photochemical smog was first described in the 1950s. It is the chemical reaction of sunlight, [|nitrogen oxides] and [|volatile organic compounds] in the atmosphere, which leaves [|airborne particles] and [|ground-level ozone]. [|[14]] This noxious mixture of air pollutants may include the following:


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;">[|Aldehydes]
 * [|Nitrogen oxides], such as [|nitrogen dioxide]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;">[|Peroxyacyl nitrates]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;">[|Tropospheric ozone]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;">[|Volatile organic compounds]

All of these harsh chemicals are usually highly reactive and oxidizing. Photochemical smog is therefore considered to be a problem of modern industrialization. It is present in all modern cities, but it is more common in cities with sunny, warm, dry climates and a large number of motor vehicles. [|[15]] Because it travels with the wind, it can affect sparsely populated areas as well.

Characteristic coloration for smog in [|California] in the beige cloud bank behind the [|Golden Gate Bridge]. The brown coloration is due to the NO x in the photochemical smog.

photochemical smog
Form of secondary air pollution caused by the reaction of nitrogen compounds and hydrocarbons to ultraviolet radiation in strong sunlight.



Reina Garcia

19 stratopause Lidia Quintanilla <span class="_Tgc" style="font-size: 16px;">The **stratopause** (formerly Mesopeak) is the level of the atmosphere which is the boundary between two layers: the stratosphere and the mesosphere. In the stratosphere the temperature increases with altitude, and the **stratopause** is the region where a maximum in the temperature occurs. **20 stratosphere -** ** the atmospheric layer lying between the troposphere and the mesosphere, in which temperature generally increases with height (by Lindsey Skaggs) **



The highest recognized thermal layer in the atmosphere, above the mesopause, where temperature remains relatively uniform for several kilometers and then increases continually with height.
 * 21 thermosphere – Jessica Quintanilla**



22 tropopause <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">tropopause **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> is the boundary in the Earth's atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Leticia Villasenor



23 troposphere - Angie Johnson

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: georgia,;">The lowest thermal layer in the Earth's atmosphere <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">and site of all weather on Earth <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: georgia,;">in which temperature decreases with height. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">troposphere **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> is bonded on the top by a layer of air called the tropopause, which separates the troposphere from the stratosphere, and on bottom by the surface of the Earth.

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24 water vapor

Water vapor is water in its gaseous state-instead of liquid or solid (ice). Water vapor is totally invisible. If you see a cloud, fog, or mist, these are all liquid water, not water vapor. Water vapor is //extremely// important to the weather and climate. Without it, there would be no clouds or rain or snow, since all of these require water vapor in order to form. All of the water vapor that evaporates from the surface of the Earth eventually returns as percipitation - rain or snow. Water vapor is also the Earth's most important greenhouse gas, accounting for about 90% of the Earth's natural greenhouse effect, which helps keep the Earth warm enough to support life. When liquid water is evaporated to form water vapor, heat is absorbed. This helps to cool the surface of the Earth. This "latent heat of condensation" is released again when the water vapor condenses to form cloud water. This source of heat helps drive the updrafts in clouds and precipitation systems, which then causes even more water vapor to condense into cloud, and more cloud water and ice to form precipitation.

~Monique D. Foreman 25 weather

Air Pollution - Post a picture of air pollution, tell us where the photo was taken, why is the air polluted?

Latitude - Post two screen shots of a live weather forecast - one place near the equator and one place near the polar region. Describe the location and weather at each place.

Land Versus Water Contrast - Post two screen shots of live weather, one of a place with a continental climate, and one of a place with a maritime climate, describe both locations and the differences in the weather.

Topographic Barrier - Post a photo of a topographic barrier, or something that blocks the flow of wind and air masses into a place, usually creating a "rain shadow" desert on one side (our local mountains are a great example.)

Instruments Used to Measure Weather Conditions: Post a photo and describe the instrument used to measure:

Temperature One of the most common tools used to measure temperature is the glass thermometer, which is a glass tube filled with mercury or some other liquid. Temperature increase causes the fluid to expand, so the temperature can be determined by measuring the volume of the fluid.

=Reina Garcia=

Atmospheric Pressure

Wind:

Wind is measured by an **//anemometer//**. An anemometer is an instrument that measures wind speed and wind pressure. Anemometers are important tools for meteorologists, who study weather patterns. They are also important to the work of physicists, who study the way air moves. The most common type of anemometer has three or four cups attached to horizontal arms. The arms are attached to a vertical rod. As the wind blows, the cups rotate, making the rod spin. The stronger the wind blows, the faster the rod spins. The anemometer counts the number of rotations, or turns, which is used to calculate wind speed. Because wind speeds are not consistent—there are gusts and lulls—wind speed is usually averaged over a short period of time.

Anemometers are used at almost all weather stations, from the frigid Artic to warm equatorial regions. Wind speed helps indicate a change in weather patterns, such as an approaching storm, which is important for pilots, engineers, and climatologists.

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">[]

Barbara Ciaravino

Atmospheric Moisture -Paul Garcia <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Moisture in the Earth’s atmosphere is one of the fundamental elements driving global climates, weather systems, and weather phenomenon. The presence of water vapor, how the proportion of water vapor changes over time, with location, and over seasons, is a basic influence on Earth’s global climate. Atmospheric Moisture can be measured by <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">relative humidity, specifichumidity, dewpoint, vapor pressure, water vapor mixing ratio, and water vapor density.

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